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class/std Ten Science

Carbon and Its Compounds

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Versatile Nature of Carbon

Carbon has two unique properties, i.e. tetravalency and catenation. Because of these properties carbon forms a large number of compounds. There are more than three million compounds of carbon known so far.

Catenation

The linkage of atoms of same elements to form longer chain is called the CATENATION.

Carbon has unique property to form bonds with other atoms of carbon forming a long chain. Because of the property of catenation, carbon forms straight chain, branched chain, cyclic rings. In addition to this carbon atoms can be linked by single, double or triple bonds.

Tetravalency of Carbon

Carbon has four electrons in its outermost orbit. This means carbon has four valence electrons. Because of this carbon is called tetravalent.

Because of four valency, carbon can form bond with four other carbon atoms or atoms of other monovalent elements.

Carbon forms covalent bonds, which are very strong. On the other hand atom of carbon has small size this makes compounds of carbon exceptionally stable.

Hydrocarbon

Hydrogen + Carbon = Hydrocarbon

Chemical compounds form entirely by the combination of only carbon and hydrogen are called hydrocarbons.

Hydrocarbons are of two types: Saturated hydrocarbons and Unsaturated hydrocarbons.

Saturated and Unsaturated Carbon Compounds

Saturated Carbon Compounds

Carbon compounds that have chain of carbon atoms linked together with single covalent bonds are called SATURATED CARBON COMPOUNDS.

Example: Methane (CH4), Ethane (C2H6), chloromethane (CH3Cl), etc.

Saturated hydrocarbons are known as Alkanes.

General formula of Alkane: CnH2n + 2

Where, n = number of carbon atoms

(1) If n = 1

∴ CnH2n + 2

= C1H2 x 1 + 2 = CH4

Methane

Saturated Hydrocarbon having one carbon atom is called METHANE

(2) If n = 2

∴ CnH2n + 2

= C2H2 x 2 + 2 = C2H6

Ethane

Saturated Hydrocarbon having two carbon atoms is called ETHANE

(3) If n = 3

∴ CnH2n + 2

= C3H2 x 3 + 2 = C3H8

Saturated Hydrocarbon having two carbon atoms is called PROPANE

Propane

(4) If n = 4

∴ CnH2n + 2

= C4H2 x 4 + 2 = C4H10

Saturated Hydrocarbon having two carbon atoms is called BUTANE

Butane

Here, the prefix 'buta' means four. Thus, this compound is named as Butane.

In the name of this caompound, 'Buta' means four and 'ane' exists for alkane.

(5) If n = 5

∴ CnH2n + 2

= C5H2 x 5 + 2 = C5H12

Saturated Hydrocarbon having two carbon atoms is called PENTANE

Pentane

Here, prefix 'penta' means five, therefore, this saturated hydrocarbon having five carbon atoms is known as Pentane.

(6) If n = 6

∴ CnH2n + 2

= C6H2 x 6 + 2 = C6H14

Saturated Hydrocarbon having two carbon atoms is called HEXANE.

Hexane

Here, prefix 'hexa' means six, therefore, this saturated hydrocarbon having six carbon atoms is known as Hexane.

(7) If n = 7

∴ CnH2n + 2

= C7H2 x 7 + 2 = C7H16

Saturated Hydrocarbon having two carbon atoms is called HEPTANE.

Heptane

Here, prefix 'hepa' means seven, therefore, this saturated hydrocarbon having seven carbon atoms is known as Heptane.

(8) If n = 8

∴ CnH2n + 2

= C8H2 x 8 + 2 = C8H18

Saturated Hydrocarbon having two carbon atoms is called Octane.

Octane

Here, prefix 'octa' means eight, therefore, this saturated hydrocarbon having seven carbon atoms is known as Octane.

[This is similar to the word 'Octopus'. Octopus is a sea animal. Here 'Octa' means eight and 'pus' means foot ['pus' came from Greek word 'pous' which means foot]. This means animal with eight feet.

(9) If n = 9

∴ CnH2n + 2

= C9H2 x 9 + 2 = C9H20

Saturated Hydrocarbon having two carbon atoms is called Nonane.

Nonane

Here, prefix 'nona' means nine, therefore, this saturated hydrocarbon having seven carbon atoms is known as Nonane.

(10) If n = 10

∴ CnH2n + 2

= C10H2 x 10 + 2 = C10H22

Saturated Hydrocarbon having two carbon atoms is called Decane.

Decane

Here, prefix 'deca' means ten, therefore, this saturated hydrocarbon having seven carbon atoms is known as Decane.

Apart from these there are many other saturated hydrocarbons.

Unsaturated Carbon Compounds

Hydrocarbons with double or triple bonds are called Unsaturated Hydrocarbons or Unsaturated Carbon compounds.

Example: Ethylene (C2H4), Acetylene (C2H2), etc.

Unsaturated Hydrocarbons can be further divided into two types: Hydrocarbons with double bonds and Hydrocarbons with triple bonds.

Alkene: Hydrocarbons with Double Bonds

Hydrocarbons with double bonds are called ALKENE.

Alkane – ane + ene = Alkene

General Formula of Alkene = CnH2n

(1) If n = 1

∴ CnH2n

= C1 H 2 x 1 = CH2

This compound does not exist.

(2) If n = 2

∴ CnH2n

= C2 H 2 x 2 = C2H4

This compound is known as Ethene

Ethene

[Ethane – ane + ene = Ethene]

(3) If n = 3

∴ CnH2n

= C3 H 2 x 3 = C3H6

This compound is known as Propene

Propene

[Propane – ane + ene = Propene]

(4) If n = 4

∴ CnH2n

= C4 H 2 x 4 = C4H8

This compound is known as Butene

Butene

[Butane – ane + ene = Butene]

In this hydrocarbon, the prefix 'buta' indicates the presence of four carbon atoms.

Unsaturated Hydrocarbons with triple bond

Unsaturated hydrocarbon with triple bond is called Alkyne.

Alkane – ane + yne = Alkyne

General Formula of Alkyne = CnH2n–2

(1) If n = 1

∴ CnH2n–2

= C1 H 2 x 1–2 = CH0

This compound does not exist.

(2) If n = 2

∴ CnH2n–2

= C2 H 2 x 2–2 = C2H2

This unsaturated hydrocarbon is called Ethyne [Ethane – ane + yne = Ethyne]

Ethyne or Acetylene

(3) If n = 3

∴ CnH2n–2

= C3 H 2 x 3–2 = C2H4

This unsaturated hydrocarbon is called Propyne [Propane – ane + yne = Propyne]

Propyne

(4) If n = 4

∴ CnH2n–2

= C4 H 2 x 4–2 = C4H6

This unsaturated hydrocarbon is called Butyne [Butane – ane + yne = Butyne]

Butyne

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